Books, Articles and Published Papers ....used in the process of building this  website.

Amundin M. Breeding the bottle-nosed dolphin Tursiops truncatus at the Kolmarden Dolphinarium. International Zoo Yearbook 1986; 24/25: 263-271.

Andrews B. Marine mammal husbandry and training. American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums Regional Proceedings 1986; 318-319.

Avella FJ. A plan for the reintroduction of the Monk Seal (Monachus monachus) in the Archipelago of Cabrera (Balearic Islands, Spain). Aquatic Mammals 1986; 12(2): 43-48.

Bain D. A journey through the NMFS marine mammal inventory. International Marine Animal Trainers Association Proceedings 1987; 103-130.

Bain D, Samansky T. Analyzing changes in dolphin survival rates over time at Marine World Africa USA. IAAAM Proceedings. 1995. 26:60-64.

Barrett PC. Marine mammal rehabilitation centers, in CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine: Health, Disease and Rehabilitation, Dierauf LA, Ed.. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 1990, 693-698.

Bertram BCR. Endangered small mammals in zoos. International Zoo Yearbook 1986; 24/25: 99-106.

Best RC. Foods and feeding habits of wild and captive Sirenia. Mammal Review 1981; 11: 3-29.

Bigg MA, Ellis GM, Ford JK, Balcomb KC. Killer Whales: A Study of Their Identification, Genealogy and Natural History in British Columbia and Washington State. Phantom Press & Publishers Inc., Nanaimo, B.C., 1987.

Brisby W. The training of a good keeper. American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums Regional Proceedings 1985; 157-159.

Burgess K. The behaviour and training of a killer whale Orcinus orca at San Diego Sea World. International Zoo Yearbook 1968; 8: 202-205.

Caldwell MC, Caldwell DK. Behavior of marine mammals, in Mammals of the Sea: Biology and Medicine. Ridgway SH., Ed.. Charles C. Thomas Publishers, Springfield, IL 1972; 419-465.

Charfauros V. Benefits of a natural presentation in a zoo environment. International Marine Animal Trainers Association Proceedings 1986, 49-50.

Coe JC. How should we manage the new exhibit technology? "Soft technology". American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums Annual Proceedings 1988; 51-60

Conway WG. The practical difficulties and financial implications of endangered species breeding programmes. International Zoo Yearbook 1986; 24/25: 210-219.

Davis RW. Advances in rehabilitating oiled sea otters: the Valdez experience. Presented at a special symposium; The Effects of Oil on Wildlife held in conjunction with The 13'th Annual Conference of the International Wildlife Rehabilitation Council. Herndon, Virginia October 17-18, 1990.

DeMaster DP, Drevenak JK. Survivorship patterns in three species of captive cetaceans. Marine Mammal Science 1988; 4(4):297-311.

Desmond T, Laule G. Husbandry training: A gateway to enhanced socialization. International Marine Animal Trainers Association Proceedings 1987; 55-62.

Dierauf LA. Pinniped husbandry, in CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine: Health, Disease and Rehabilitation, Dierauf LA, Ed.. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 1990a, 553-590.

Dierauf LA. Stress in marine mammals, in CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine: Health, Disease and Rehabilitation, Dierauf LA,

Ed.. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 1990b, 295-301.

Dierauf LA. Marine mammal stranding networks, in CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine: Health, Disease and Rehabilitation, Dierauf LA, Ed.. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 1990c, 667-672.

Dierauf LA. Disposition of marine mammals, in CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine: Health, Disease and Rehabilitation, Dierauf LA, Ed.. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 1990d, 267-284.

Duffield DA. Genetic and physiological research applications in marine mammal medicine, in CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine: Health, Disease and Rehabilitation, Dierauf LA, Ed.. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 1990, 371-380.

Fad S. The killer whale (Orcinus orca). IMATA Soundings 1996, 21 (2): 18-32.

Farwell CJ, Hymer J. Sea otter water quality management with regard to coliforms. American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums Annual Proceedings 1988; 344-348.

Farwell CJ, Williams T, Hymer J. Deviations in water quality data for the Monterey Bay Aquarium sea otter display. International Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine Proceedings 1988; 19:72-74.

Faulk EY. Water quality considerations for marine mammals, in CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine: Health, Disease and Rehabilitation, Dierauf LA, Ed.. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 1990, 537-542.

Flynn T. Conditions and treatment of an eating disorder in a Pacific Walrus - an anecdotal report. International Marine Animal Trainers Association Proceedings 1987; 39-46.

Gage LG. Rescue and rehabilitation of cetaceans, in CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine: Health, Disease and Rehabilitation, Dierauf LA, Ed.. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 1990, 685-692.

Gage LJ, Trupkiewicz J, Samansky T. Hydrocephalus in an aged California sea lion. IAAAM Proceedings. 1995. 26:9-10.

Geraci JR. Husbandry, in Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, 2nd ed., Fowler ME., Ed.. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, 1986a, 757-760.

Geraci JR, Lounsbury VJ. Marine Mammals Ashore: A Field Guide for Strandings. Texas A&M Sea Grant Publications, Washington, Galveston, TX, 1993.

Geraci JR. Nutrition and nutritional disorders, in Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, 2nd ed., Fowler ME., Ed.. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, 1986b, 760-764.

Glass K, Englund K. A view from the other side - Why the Japanese are so stubborn about whaling. Oceanus 1989; 32(1): 45-51.

Glen TB. The Dolphin and Whale Career Guide. Omega, Chicago, 1997.

Hausknecht E. A new larger Seven Seas unfolds at Brookfield Zoo. American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums Regional Proceedings 1987; 562-565.

Hecker NF. An updated model of the food requirements of captive California sea lions, Zalophus californianus. American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums Regional Proceedings 1985; 441-452.

Hewlett KG, Newman MA. "Skana", the killer whale Orcinus orca at Vancouver Public Aquarium. International Zoo Yearbook 1968; 8: 209-211.

Hewlett S. A decade of sea otters, (Enhydra lutris). American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums Annual Proceedings 1983; 224-228.

Hewlett S. A "new" approach to exhibiting cetaceans in captivity. American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums Annual Proceedings 1986; 691-694.

Hewlett S, Hewlett KG. Killer Whale Habitat: a new approach to cetacean exhibits. International Marine Animal Trainers Association Proceedings 1986; 11-13.

Hofman RJ. The marine mammal protection act - A first of its kind anywhere. Oceanus 1989; 32(1): 21-25.

Hoyt, E. Orca: The Whale Called Killer. Camden House Publishing, Ontario, 1990.

International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 1988 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland Switzerland. 1988.

Jenkins RL. Federal legislation governing marine mammals, in CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine: Health, Disease and Rehabilitation, Dierauf LA, Ed.. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 1990, 469-482.

Jones J. Captive pinnipeds without blue swimming pools. American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums Annual Proceedings 1986; 341-347.

Joseph BE, Antrim JE, Cornell LH. Commerson's Dolphin (Cephalorhynchus commersonii): a discussion of the first live birth within a marine zoological park. Zoo Biology 1987; 6: 69-77.

Judges MK. National Aquarium in Baltimore - marine mammal system renovation. American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums Annual Proceedings 1988; 336-343.

Kastelein RA, Vaughan N, Wiepkema PR. The food consumption of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus). Aquatic Mammals 1990; 15(4): 137-144.

King JE. Seals of the World. 2nd ed., Comstock Publishing Co., Ithaca, NY, 1983.

Krajniak E. A new marine mammal facility for Brookfield Zoo. International Marine Animal Trainers Association Proceedings 1984, 56-57.

Krajniak EF. Opening a new marine mammal exhibit. International Marine Animal Trainers Association Proceedings 1987; 63-66.

Markowitz H. Environmental opportunities and health care for marine mammals, in CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine: Health, Disease and Rehabilitation, Dierauf LA, Ed.. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 1990, 483-488.

McCusker JS, Larson KB. Contracting zoological and aquarium exhibit design services: The request for proposals and interview process. American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums Annual Proceedings 1986; 314-324.

Minasian SM, Balcomb KC, Foster L. The World's Whales. Smithsonian Books, Washington, D.C., 1984.

Murphy K. The Living Seas Pavilion. International Marine Animal Trainers Association Proceedings 1984, 94-100.

Negrini S, Samansky T, Chapple J. Environmental enrichment and tusk development in four Pacific walruses (Odobenus rosmarus divergens). IMATA Soundings 1998, 23 (3): 18-20.

Neugebauer W. Breeding the Southern elephant seal Mirounga leonina at Stuttgart Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook 1967; 7: 152-154.

Nishiwaki M., Tobayama T. Hybrids between Pseudorca crassidens and Tursiops truncatus gilli. Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst., Tokyo 1982; 34: 109-121.

Polacheck T. Relative abundance, distribution and inter-specific relationship of cetacean schools in the eastern tropical Pacific. Marine Mammal Science 1987; 3(1): 54-77.

Proctor S. Max Bell Marine Mammal Center at the Vancouver Aquarium. American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums Annual Proceedings 1986; 334-337.

Pryor K. Don't Shoot the Dog. Simon and Schuster, New York, 1984.

Ramirez K. Animal Training: Successful Animal Management Through Positive Reinforcement. Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, 1999.

Ridgway SH. Dolphin Doctor. Dolphin Science Press, San Diego, CA, 1995.

Ridgway SH. Homeostasis in the aquatic environment, in Mammals of the Sea: Biology and Medicine. Ridgway SH., Ed.. Charles C. Thomas Publishers, Springfield, IL 1972; 590-747.

Riedman M. The Pinnipeds: Seals, Sea Lions and Walruses. University of California Press, Berkeley, 1990.

Roletto J, Mazzeo J. Identification of North American marine mammals, in CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine: Health, Disease and Rehabilitation, Dierauf LA, Ed.. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 1990, 399-468.

Rubin AJ. Chemistry of Water Supply Treatment and Distribution. Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, MI, 1975.

Samansky T, Sieswerda P. The recovery, care, and transport of orphaned walrus calves at St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. IAAAM Proceedings. 1995. 26:33.

Samansky T, Rutherford S, Gage L, Allen S, Turley P, Chapple J. Hand raising orphaned walrus calves at Marine World Africa USA - the first year. IAAAM Proceedings. 1995. 26:34-35.

Samansky T, Allen S. Walrus Experience: Marine World's Newest Adventure. IMATA Proceedings. 1995. 23:16.

Samansky T, Desmond T, Fish L. Developing a marine mammal husbandry department within a foreign culture - a case study. IMATA Proceedings. 1992. 20:32.

Schroeder JP. Reproductive aspects of marine mammals, in CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine: Health, Disease and Rehabilitation, Dierauf LA, Ed.. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 1990, 353-369.

Seal US. Goals of captive propagation programmes for the conservation of endangered species. International Zoo Yearbook 1986a; 24/25: 174-179.

Seal US. How zoos and aquariums help to maintain biological diversity. American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums Annual Proceedings 1986b; 70-77.

Shane SH, Wells RS, Wursig B. Ecology, behavior and social organization of the bottlenose dolphin: a review. Marine Mammal Science 1986; 2(1): 34-63.

Sieswerda PL. Filtration enhancement (trickle filters and ozonation). American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums Annual Proceedings 1986; 705-708.

Skaar D. Stretcher training for handling whales and dolphins. International Marine Animal Trainers Association Proceedings 1987; 35-38.

Spotte SH. Seawater Aquariums: The Captive Environment. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1979.

Spotte S. Sterilization of Marine Mammal Pool Waters - Theoretical and Health Considerations. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Technical Bulletin No. 1797, 10-1991.

Stephens B. Conditioning behavior for husbandry purposes. American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums Annual Proceedings 1986; 216-217.

Sweeney JC. Marine mammal behavioral diagnostics, in CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine: Health, Disease and Rehabilitation, Dierauf LA, Ed.. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 1990, 53-72.

Sweeney JC, Ridgway SH. Procedures for the clinical management of small cetaceans. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1975; 16: 540-545.

Sweeney J, Samansky T. Elements of successful facility design: marine mammals, in Conservation of Endangered Species in Captivity: An Interdisciplinary Approach, Gibbons EF, Durrant B, and Demarest J, Eds.. State University of New York Press, New York. 1995. 465-477.

Sweeney JC, Samansky TS, Solangi MA. Course of therapy utilized in a California Sea Lion with blastomycosis. IAAAM Proceedings. 1987.

Sylvestre J, Tasaka S. On the intergeneric hybrids in cetaceans. Aquatic Mammals 1985; 11(3): 101-108.

Turley P. The iceman cometh: A technique for weaning sea lion pups. Soundings, International Marine Animal Trainers Association 1988; 13(1):8.

United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Animal Welfare Regulations, 9 CFR Chapter 1, 1-1-1992.

Valleriani M. Exhibit design and management of a breeding captive sea lion, Zalophus californianus, population. American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums Regional Proceedings 1985; 436-440.

Van der Toorn J. A biological approach to dolphinarium water purification. International Marine Animal Trainers Association Proceedings 1987; 131-132.    

Walsh MT, Dalton LM, McBain JF. Electrolyte imbalances in cetaceans: pathogenesis and treatment. International Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine Proceedings 1989;20:65.

Walsh MT, Asper ED, Andrews BF, Antrim JE. Walrus biology and medicine, in CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine: Health, Disease and Rehabilitation, Dierauf LA, Ed.. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 1990a, 591-599.

Walsh MT, Odell DK, Young G, Asper ED, Bossart G. Mass strandings of cetaceans, in CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine: Health, Disease and Rehabilitation, Dierauf LA, Ed.. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 1990b, 673-683.

Wells RS, Irvine AB, Scott MD. The social ecology of inshore Odontocetes, in Cetacean Behavior, Herman LM., Ed.. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1980, 263-318.

Wells RS, Scott MD. Estimating bottlenose dolphin population parameters from individual identification and capture-release techniques. Report from the International Whaling Commission. (Special Issue 12) 1990; 407-415.

White JR, Francis-Floyd R. Nutritional management of marine mammals. International Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine Proceedings 1988; 19: 5-15.

White JR, Francis-Floyd R. Manatee biology and medicine, in CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine: Health, Disease and Rehabilitation, Dierauf LA, Ed.. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 1990, 601-623.

Williams G., Ghebremeskel K. The use of a computerized database in the nutritional management of captive animals. American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums Annual Proceedings 1988; 478-481.

Williams TD. Sea otter biology and medicine, in CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine: Health, Disease and Rehabilitation, Dierauf LA, Ed.. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 1990, 625-648.

Williams TM. Evaluating the long term effects of crude oil exposure in sea otters: laboratory and field observations. Presented at a special symposium; The Effects of Oil on Wildlife held in conjunction with The 13'th Annual Conference of the International Wildlife Rehabilitation Council. Herndon, Virginia October 17-18, 1990.

Worthy GAJ. Nutritional energetics for marine mammals; Addendums, in CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine: Health, Disease and Rehabilitation, Dierauf LA, Ed.. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 1990, 489-520.